In Newfoundland. With cold weather density increases, therefore you would pick up a higher mass in Newfoundland.

Contingency fuel is carried to account for additional enroute fuel consumption caused by wind, routing changes or ATM: ATM/CNS restrictions.

Battery power to the starter motors.

V1 is the decision speed (sometimes referred to as critical engine speed or critical engine failure speed) by which any decision to reject a takeoff must be made.

V2 is the takeoff safety speed which must be attained at the 35 ft height at the end of the required runway distance. This is essentially the best one-engine inoperative angle of climb speed for the airplane and is a minimum speed for flight in that condition until at least 400 ft above the ground. V2 shall be at least 1.1 times VMCA, and no less than 1.2 times VS.

Vr is defined as the speed at which the rotation of the aircraft should be initiated to takeoff attitude.

VMCA is the minimum control speed in the air and is defined as the minimum speed, whilst in the air, that directional control can be maintained with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine aerolanes), operating engine(s) at takeoff power and a maximum of 5 degrees of bank towards the good engine(s).

VMCG is the minimum control speed on the ground and is defined as the minimum speed, whilst on the ground, that directional control can be maintained, using only aerodynamic controls, with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine airplanes) and takeoff power applied on the other engine(s).

When an aircraft climbs, the static pressure in the instrument case decreases, which allows the enclosed capsule to expand.

This in turn moves the needle on the instrument to indicate a corresponding altitude.

During descent, the opposite function applies.

Altimeter errors can originate and vary from:

Instrument Pressure Time-lag Barometric Density Temperature Blocked static port

Volume of litres x Specific gravity = weight in kg

Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System, provides a greater level of detection than GPWS.

EGPWS is capable of ‘looking ahead’ to identify potential risks on the aircraft flight path as it includes a terrain and obstacle database.

The mode control panel is used to select the autothrottle, autopilot, and flight director operating modes. The flight mode annunciator displays current flight modes.

NDB’s are stations emitting a signal. There is nothing for them to be accurate about. ADF's on the other hand, when tuned to an NDB need to be accurate within +/- 5 degrees.

8.000ft